Eating Disorders Eating Disorder - 2461 Words

Eating Disorders Even though eating disorders are less prevalent in society today than they have been in the past, they are still one of the most diagnosed mental illnesses today. These three illnesses have short term as well as long term effects that can leave a damaging toll on the patients’ lives and are very hard to overcome. This is shown through not only the characteristics of Anorexia nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Binge-eating Disease, but also through the psychological and physical harm these diseases leave on the body. History Eating disorders have been charted throughout history; some of the oldest discoveries come from as far back as 700 B.C. many cultures used imbedded the traits of eating disorders without knowing. These traits were used in terms of medicine, religion, and at times of celebration. For example, the ancient Egyptians drew hieroglyphics of their practices of vomiting. They believed that by vomiting for three days out of the month that they would avoid illness. Another example of ancient practices is found in the culture of the Romans. Around the time of Caesar’s rule (700 A.D.), wealthy romans would throw feasts, when they started to become full they would go to a vomitorium to purge, then they would return to their feasts to once again overindulge. The last examples are the women of Italy. To show their devotion to their religion these women would expose themselves to extreme means of torture. One of the most famous icons of these actions is SaintShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders : Eating Disorder1205 Words   |  5 PagesEating Disorders in Today’s World Eating disorders are alive and well in today’s world and they are a major problem. An eating disorder can look like a few different things, ranging from a severe reduction of food intake to over eating to feelings of negativity towards your body shape or weight (Lehigh University). While some disorders can only be found in specific age groups, races, etc., eating disorders can be found amongst all and it does not necessarily have to be pointed towards food (LehighRead MoreEating Disorders : An Eating Disorder1184 Words   |  5 Pagesas an eating disorder. Weir (2016) goes on to explain the origins behind eating disorders in individuals. This topic is important because, in the United States, many women and men suffer from a clinically significant eating disorder at some point in their life. It is important to know the influences that cause an individual to experience an eating disorder. Genetically, or environmentally, or both genetically and environmentally. Anorexia ner vosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder are eatingRead MoreEating Disorders : An Eating Disorder1906 Words   |  8 Pagesobtain their body goal, thus causing an eating disorder. An eating disorder is a psychological condition that is characterized by abnormal or disturbed eating habits. There are three types of eating disorders; which are Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating.These disorders affect all aspects of a person’s life, including their psychological, emotional, and physical health. There are many factors that contribute to individuals developing eating disorders including: genetics, family pressuresRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1573 Words   |  7 Pagesaffects people called an â€Å"eating disorder.† Why did you choose this topic? I chose this topic because it is a very prevalent issue in our society today, and a close friend of mine is suffering from an eating disorder. What question(s) did you want to answer or what was your hypothesis regarding this topic? As mammals, there is no chance of escaping the need to consume food in everyday life. However, when it comes to food there can be a major concern of eating too much or eating too little. Doing eitherRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1104 Words   |  5 PagesEating disorder is a serious problem happens in both men and women. Eating disorder is a sort of disease in which a person is having a strange routine of eating like consuming a huge amount of food each time they eat. This can incorporate not eating enough nourishment or indulging. Eating disorder influence many people around the world. The larger part of peoples who are dealing with this issue are ladies. A person with eating disorder issue may focus nonsensically on their weight and shape. EatingRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1410 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"An eating disorder is about anxiety and control and healing from trauma and food and weight are just the tools of destruction† (Floyd, Mim ms, Yelding, 2008). An eating disorder is defined as a severe disturbance in eating behavior. An eating disorder, as defined by our text book for class, is psychological disturbances that lead to certain physiological changes and serious health complications. The three most common and most easily identifiable forms of eating disorders include anorexia nervosaRead MoreEating Disorders : Eating Disorder966 Words   |  4 PagesEating Disorders Many people, both women and men of all ages, suffer from the psychological disorder, eating. Up to thirty million people in the world suffer from some kind of an eating disorder. There a two types of eating disorders, anorexia and bulimia, and have several methods of treatment. What is an eating disorder, and what do they cause? Eating disorders are maladaptive and very serious interruptions in eating. They can come in the form of overeating, or not eating enough, they are oftenRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1496 Words   |  6 PagesAn eating disorder is an illness that causes serious disturbances to your everyday diet, such as eating extremely small amounts of food or severely overeating. A person with an eating disorder may have started out just eating smaller or larger amount of food, but as some point, the urge to eat less or more has gotten out of control. Severe distress or concern about body weight or shape may also signal an eating disorder. Common eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and a binge-eatingRead MoreEating Disorders : Eating Disorder1031 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The eating disorder is a very jealous and abusive partner. It requires a lot of devotion in the extent that you have to devote yoursel f to tending to the anorexia. There s not a lot of time left over for adult life,† was stated by Dr. Doug Bunnell, a specialist in eating disorders. Eating disorders effect a variety of people. Age, race, and gender aren’t role playing keys in eating disorders. Not everyone gets an eating disorder, but if they do then, it will more than likely destroy their livesRead MoreEating Disorders : An Eating Disorder Essay771 Words   |  4 Pagesabout you. Benji I suspect you have an eating disorder.in particular, anorexia. An eating disorder is a psychological disorder that interferes with peoples eating habits. Eating disorders falls under the avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder category. Eating disorders are more prevalent in women than in men. Over 10 million women and 10 million men suffer from an eating disorder. But, Anorexia Nervosa is more common among Caucasians. Eating disorders impacts women everyday by inaccurately depicting

Biography of Niccolo Machiavelli Essay - 860 Words

Biography of Niccolo Machiavelli Machiavelli was born in 1469, into an Italy, which was probably less feudal than any other European country at that time. Europe at this time was in a state of political upheaval. The Churchs power was in decline, losing its power as unifying government, Spain and France were pushing their way in Italy, and Italy itself was a melange of bickering city-states. This climate of political uncertainty greatly affected Machiavellis political theories. Machiavelli began his political career at the age of twenty-five. However, he did not achieve recognition until 1498 when he obtained a prestigious appointment to become secretary to the Council of Ten, An executive†¦show more content†¦He had a pessimistic view of men, describing them as wicked, fickle and selfish; They shun danger and are greedy for profit; while you treat them well, they are yours. They would shed their blood for you à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ but when you are in danger they turn against you believing that all men really wanted was power, money and glory. [Machiavelli, reprinted 1975, p.44.] Machiavelli believes that the state is only created if the people cooperate and work to maintain it. The state is also one of mans greatest endeavours, and it takes precedence over everything else. It should be ones primary focus, and maintaining its sovereignty ones most vital concern. The state is founded on the power of its military. Hence a strong military is important fo r its survival. Machiavellis book The Prince deals with the making of a society in which the people are corrupt. Machiavelli freely prescribes for the man who wishes to acquire power and glory in a corrupt republic by becoming a tyrant rather than a public-spirited reformer. [Bluhm, 1971, p.213.] Addressed to Lorenzo De Medici (the new ruler of Florence), The Princes aim is to tell a ruler how to become a good tyrant. According to Machiavelli a prince must posses the virtues that should have been present in a goodShow MoreRelatedBiography of and Principles Taught By Niccolo Machiavelli Essay1047 Words   |  5 PagesMachiavelli Essay: Question 1 Born in the 15th century, Niccolà ² Machiavelli was an Italian historian, politician, philosopher, diplomat and humanist. Following his career as an official in the Florentine Republic, Machiavelli was a founder of modern political science and political ethics. In the political treatise The Prince, written in 1532, Machiavelli outlines several key traits of a successful princedom such as; how to incorporate newly acquired provinces, the most successful way to conquer territoriesRead MoreEssay about Niccolo Machiavelli1653 Words   |  7 Pages According to legend, just before his death, Niccolo Machiavelli told his friends that had remained faithful to him up until the very end about a dream he had had. In his dream, he had seen a group of peasants, wretched and decrepit in appearance. He asked them who they were. They replied, ‘We are the saintly and the blessed; we are on our way to heaven.’ Then he saw a crowd of formally attired men, aristocratic and grim in appea rance, speaking solemnly of important political matters. Again, heRead MoreThe Life And Importance Of Machiavelli Essay1367 Words   |  6 PagesLife and Importance of Machiavelli â€Å"There are three kinds of intelligence: one kind understands things for itself, the other appreciates what others can understand, the third understands neither for itself nor through others. This first kind is excellent, the second good, and the third kind useless† (Niccolà ² Quotes). Niccolà ² Machiavelli was one of the greatest influences on our world today. His research and philosophies explored new strategies and ways of thinking. Machiavelli was before his own timeRead MoreGrowth In The Prince And Jack Londons The Call Of The Wild985 Words   |  4 Pagescontrary direction or harmful continued difficulty and misfortune. The NY times article Do natural disasters stimulate economic growth?, Niccolo Machiavellis book, The Prince, and Jack London’s The Call of the Wild, provide strong affirmation that hardship leads to development. Adversity in Renaissance age Italy led two well educated men, Thomas More and Nicholo Machiavelli, to banter the need for religious , political, and social change in the 1500’s. Shown in Drake Bennetts article, 21st Century humankindRead MoreAnalysis Of Niccolo Machiavelli s The Prince 1625 Words   |  7 Pagesfifteenth century was a period known as the Renaissance, or the new birth, of many philosophers. One well-known Renaissance thinker, Niccolo Machiavelli, was one of those philosophers whose political views caused an uproar during earlier centuries. His view on effective leadership was rather harsh and not exactly adopted in the Italian society. As a Renaissance citizen, Machiavelli proved his writing skills through a number of works such as short stories, plays, and histories. His more popular works includedRead MoreCharacteristics Of Joseph Stalin The Prince818 Words   |  4 PagesOctober 2017 Perfect Prince On December 21, 1879 (Editors, Biography.com) Iosef Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili was born. He was later known as Joseph Stalin and he was one of the most powerful men in the world during the 19th century. According to Niccolo Machiavellis views in the book, The Prince, Stalin was the perfect prince, or in this case the perfect dictator . The Prince examines the traits that are needed to be a perfect leader. Traits such as being feared, but not hated, being cruel, usingRead MorePower, Authority, and Accountability in Politics 1954 Words   |  8 Pagesvoting for them in the next election. (Hoffman, 2011) Niccolo Machiavelli is an important political theorist to look at while studying politics. Machiavelli was born in Florence, Italy on the Third of May 1469. Machiavelli was very interested in working in the field of politics. He held many political titles in his life. One such example is when he worked as an adviser to the Borgia family for political matters. [Wheeler, 2011] Machiavelli travelled all over Europe on diplomatic missions; hereRead More The Powerful Truth of Machiavellis The Prince Essay1490 Words   |  6 Pageskingdom. Machiavelli saw the conventional thought of the time as a fantasy and only applicable in a utopian society. His work The Prince shatters all previous political thought by stating that a ruler must not only use the traditionally accepted means of maintaining power but also be able to use brute force, deceit and even cruelty as the situation requires. In the tumultuous political climate of renaissance Europe his theories were proven valid repeatedly.    Niccolo Machiavelli was bornRead MoreMachiavelli as a Humanist1886 Words   |  8 Pagesone who is concerned with the interests and welfare of humans. Niccolo’ Machiavelli can be thought of as a humanist. Although opinions on this differ greatly depending on whom you speak with. Machiavelli’s life consists of so many examples and lessons that he has learned throughout his life. Through my paper, I intend to examine his perception of morality based on his political writings and life experiences. Niccolo’ Machiavelli was born on May 3, 1469 and died in 1527. Although we do notRead MoreEssay The Life and Works of Niccolo Machiavelli2079 Words   |  9 PagesNiccolà ³ Machiavelli is perhaps the greatest political thinker in history. He was a historian, musician, a poet, and he wrote comedies. He liked poetry as much as he liked philosophy. Machiavelli wrote and collected poems. His works, which are inspired by his life experiences, have been read by many of the worlds greatest politicians. Niccolà ³ Machiavelli’s writing was influenced by the Medici family, the Soderini government in Italy, and his own diplomatic career. His great work, The Prince,

Clinical Psychology and Gerontology Parkinson Disease

Question: Discuss about the Clinical Psychology and Gerontology for Parkinson Disease. Answer: Parkinson Disease and Effect on Speech: Parkinsons disease is the chronic degenerative disorder of the central nervous system. This disease specifically affects motor system of the person. Symptoms of this disease appear in gradual manner. In initial phase of this disease symptoms like shaking, rigidity, slow movement and inability in walking appear. Other than these physical symptoms psychological symptoms also appear like thinking problem, dementia, depression and anxiety. Sleep related problems and emotional problems also appear in Parkinsons disease patients. Genetic and environmental factors are responsible for the occurrence of this disease. People with exposure to pesticides and head injuries are at greater risk of Parkinsons disease (Pfeiffer et al., 2012). Motor symptoms of the disease mainly occur due to the death substantia nigra cells. This substantia nigra is the region of the midbrain. As a result, dopamine deficiency occurs in the substantia nigra of the brain. Death of cells mainly occurs due to the formati on of lewy bodies in the neurons. Alzheimer's disease, multiple cerebral infarction and drugs also can cause Parkinsons disease. There is no specific technique is available for the diagnosis of Parkinsons disease. Physician generally diagnose Parkinsons disease based on the past medical history, symptoms, and neurological examination. Neuroimaging can be used to rule out other neurological diseases. Susceptibility weighted imaging of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to differentiate Parkinsons disease form other neurological disease. Diffusion MRI can be used differentiate between typical and atypical Parkinsons disease. Basal ganglia can be evaluated for dopaminergic activity using positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) radioactive tracers (Verstreken, 2016). Treatments used for Parkinsons disease are levodopa, dopamine agonists and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors (Yorkston, 1996). Rehabilitation can be provided through physical therapy and occupational therapy. Speech impairment in Parkinsons disease is a very common problem. However attention towards speech impairment is neglected as compared to the movement impairments like gait and upper limb control. Few studies studied speech aspects like frequency and co-occurrence of voice, articulation and fluency impairment. Speech impairment mainly occurs in Parkinsons disease patient due to altered amplitude of response. In Parkinsons disease patients this amplitude is at lower level as compared to the normal level. This lowering of amplitude mainly occurs due to the dysfunction of the basal ganglion. Trouble in gait like hesitation, festination and motor block are generally proportional to the difficulty in fluency of Parkinsons disease persons speech. Reduced volume is most common fe ature of speech impairment in PD persons followed by fluency deficit. Basal ganglion also performs function of provision of internal cues (Desmurget et al., 2004). These internal cues can be used to perform smooth functioning in order initiate sub-movements in the motor activity. Defect in these internal cues lead to the motor instability. In motor instability, there is decrease in amplitude as compared to the duration of motor sequence. This cue deficit leads to the articulation impairment in the PD person. Articulation impairment is proportional to the upper and lower limb demonstration of cue. These two phenomenons such as motor set disturbance and motor instability are generally superimposed because in most of the patients, there is co-occurrence of voice and articulation impairment. Pathophysiological changes in the speech impairment are almost similar to the limb motor deficit. Speech deficit is PD patients is also associated with other factors of PD like cognitive impairment, deficit in working memory and executive function (Miller et al., 2006). In few studies, it has been indicated that speech impairment is associated with depression in PD patients. However, it has been observed that there no difference in speech impairment in minor and major depression. Speech impairment can occur at any stage of the disease and it gets worsen with the progression of the disease. Medical and Surgical Treatment: Although dopamine therapy is useful in the movement aspects of the PD like rigidity, akinesia, bradykinesia and tremor, it doesnt exhibited satisfactory long term outcome for improvement in speech in PD patients (Goberman, 2005; Trail et al., 2005). Few studies indicated that dopamine therapy is useful in the specific aspects of speech like improvement in speech motor function better laryngeal control of voice onset and vocal fold closure during speech, better speech intelligibility, greater prosodic voice fundamental frequency inflection, greater vocSPL, better voice quality, enhanced lip function during speech and nonspeech tasks, and less voice tremor. However, most of the studies failed to demonstrate clinical improvement in the speech impairment. From this it can conclude that speech impairment in PD patients is not related to the dopamine (Goberman et al., 2002; Sanabria et al. 2001). Clonazepam exhibited improvement in some aspects of speech like inaccurate consonants, small r ushes of speech and improper silences of PD person (Biary, et al., 1988). Neurological technique like deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the thalamus, pallidum or subthalamic nucleus (STN), ablative surgeries (pallidotomy and thalamotomy) and fetal cell implantation exhibited inconsistent results in improvement in speech in PD patients. Thalamic stimulation improved few motor aspects of the speech, however it demonstrated negative effects on the perceptual assessment and electrophysiological measurements after the completion of the surgery (Krack et al., 2003). Pallidal stimulation also exhibited positive and negative effects on the perceptual assessment of speech after the completion of surgery. Few patients exhibited prominent improvement in the speech, however remaining patients didnt exhibited improvement in speech. DBS-STN exhibited improvement in the lip movement however, it exhibited worsening effect on speech intelligibility. DBS-STN generally improve levodopa responsive symptoms in PD patients, hence, this procedure may not be useful in speech in PD patients (Witt et al., 2004). This is because there was no improvement in speech impairment after treatment with levodopa. However, it can argue that position of the stimulator and tuning of placement plays important role in the improvement in the speech. In the studies it has been proved that voltage reach to the inside part of capsule can produce hesitations and face muscle tightness. In the same way, spread of the voltage to the cerebello-thalamic fibers can produce slurred articulation and stuttering (Tornqvist et al., 2005). Hence, further research should be done in this direction to get maximum benefits out of this method. Behavioural Therapy: Multiple factors are responsible for the impairment in the speech of PD patients. Hence, along with neuropharmacological and neurosurgical approaches, behavioral approaches also studied for the treatment of speech in PD patients. This behavioral speech therapy was also applied in patients with neurological surgeries. Literature suggests that these behavioral therapies were not useful 1) in the prevention of PD progression, 2) alone for treatment in any of the symptoms of PD, 3) as adjuvant therapy to neuropharmacological and neurosurgery, 4) in the prevention of complications due to motor impairment and nonmotor complications in PD. In behavioral therapy conclusive results were not obtained because of flaws in study methodology and incorporation of less number of participants (Suchowersky et al., 2006). Neuroimaging prior to and after completion of speech therapy would have given exact idea of effect of behavioral therapy in PD patients. These therapies incorporate speaker oriented therapies and communication oriented therapies. Speaker oriented therapies require PD patient to learn implementation of varied behavioral strategies to improve precision (Ramig et al., 1996). Learner should be self motivated to acquire newer aspects of speaking and practice it on regular basis. Integration of these behavioral therapies with instrumental or technical aspects, proved to be more beneficial as compared to the behavioral treatment alone. Instruments such as Visivox, Visipitch and a sound level meter can be integrated with behavioral therapies. These prosodically based treatments exhibited beneficial outcome in the supralaryngeal and phonatory deficits in PD and improving intelligibility and speech naturalness (Dromey, 2003; Bunton et al., 2001; Tjaden et al., 2001). Communication oriented strategies can be used as alone and also can be used as supplementary treatment for speaker oriented strategies. Communication oriented strategies include 1) preparation of communication partner, monitoring comprehension and implementation of active listening, 2) identification of subject and application of grammar to improve understanding of message, 3) gesture and 4) resolving communication breakdown (DInnocenzo et al., 2006). Low-tech AAC is mostly appropriate to PD patients who use speech to some extent as part of their communication and those to whom speech is completely dysfunctional. Alphabet cues can be used to improve speech and communication in Low-tech AAC treatment. Portable typing devices and communication books and boards can be used in Low-tech AAC treatment (Hustad and Weismer, 2007). Respiration Treatment: Respiratory studies in PD patients revealed impairment in vital capacity, volume of air spend at the time of maximal phonation task, intraoral air pressure at the time of consonant or vowel pronunciation, chest wall movement and activation of respiratory muscle. Electromyographic evaluation revealed decrease in the neural drive to laryngeal muscles and activation of laryngeal and respiratory muscle (Huber et al., 2003). Respiration treatment can achieve improvements like maximum duration sustained phonation, sound improvement and paused duration. These outcomes of the respiration treatment are consistent with the goals of the treatment. Respiration treatment also produce improved post treatment duration in speech and magnitude of speech as compared to previously established treatments. Kinematic, spirometric, acoustic, and pressure data are used to evaluate effectiveness of respiratory speech therapy. Specific data used to evaluate respiratory speech therapy are breathing rate, minut e ventilation, rib cage to lung volume, duration of inspirations, and oral pressure (Bunton, 2005). Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT): LSVT is the most advanced treatment option for speech in PD patients. Working procedure for the LSVT is basically based on the features responsible for the speech disorder in PD patients. These features comprises of 1) lowering of the amplitude of the neural drive to muscles of speech, which lead to soft voice, 2) impairment in sensory perception which lead to the loss of control over vocal output monitoring, and 3) inability of the PD patient to generate sufficient number of internal cues which lead to inability to produce optimum loudness in the voice. As LSVT is based on the basic mechanisms behind speech impairment, this treatment option emerged as most successful treatment option (Fox et al., 2002; Fox et al., 2006). All the components related to the speech in PD are considered in LSVT. These components include aspects related to neurology, physiology, motor learning, muscle training, and neuropsychology. Important concepts considered in the LSVT are 1) focus on voice by increas ing amplitude or vocal loudness, 2) increasing sensory perception, 3) administration of treatment with highest efforts, 4) increasing intensity of treatment and 5) measurement of outcome of the treatment. LSVT works on target basis. This therapy mainly focused on increasing vocal loudness by increasing amplitude of movement. Focus on this target acts as activator to increase efforts and to bring coordination of other systems (Pinto et al., 2004). In LSVT, there is the provision for sensory awareness training with motor actions. By virtue of this, LSVT assist in accepting increased loudness and improve the capability to self monitor vocal loudness. LSVT helps PD patients to maintain treatment effects for longer duration. This LSVT also addresses basic problems in PD patients. These problems comprises of deficit in speed, memory and execution in PD patients. LSVT also promotes over learning and acquisition of vocal efforts necessary for normal loudness. Systematic teaching, homework and carryover tasks are incorporated in the LSVT. This helps in daily living situations. Studies indicated that improvement in the vocal loudness obtained through LSVT can last for longer duration as compared to the any other treatment in PD patients. In the evaluation of the outcome of the LSVT, modern techniques are incorporated. In LSVT, vocal fold closure can be measured by few of these modern techniques like videostroboscopy as well as electrog lottography, subglottal air pressure, and maximumflowdeclination rate (MFDR) (Fisher and Yip, 2005). In other treatment methods these techniques are not incorporated. Hence, data obtained through LSVT treatment is valid data and it has scientific basis. In LSVT treatment group increased vocal effort lead to the improved vocal fold valving and consequently increased speech production. Moreover, there is no vocal hyperfunction in LSVT treatment. Vocal hyperfunction includes unnecessary strain and disproportionate vocal fold closure. LSVT treatment also gives information about the mechanisms involved in the speech and speech abnormalities in PD. LSVT also gives information about changes occurred due to the treatment effect. In the literature, it has been mentioned that LSVT treatment also brings positive alterations in the articulation, swallowing and facial expression. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) revealed that there is correlation between the improvement in speech and improvement in the neural functioning in LSVT treatment group (Liotti et al., 2006). LSVT treatment proved effective in most of the cases. However, in few patients with severe depression, severe dementia and people with surgery; LSVT doesnt exhibited beneficial outcome. Further research should be done on the PD patients to understand different mechanisms of speech. In recent studies, LSVT treatment was used to generate data to improve swallowing, articulation, gesture required for communication, facial expression and neural functioning. Recent LSVT studies were planned to evaluate voice and articulation separately. For this purpose two different studies were planned like voice LSVT and articulation LSVT. By providing these specific interventions, outcome in both voice and articulation can be obtained effectively. In recent studies implementation of the external clues in LSVT proved to be beneficial in improving vocal loudness in PD patients. Conclusion: PD is the degenerative disease of the central nervous system. In PD mostly impairment of the motor activities occurs. Most of the focus for the treatment of PD is gait and movement of extremities. Most of the PD patients develop speech impairment at some point of time. As a result, there is adverse effect on the quality of life. However, speech impairment got less attention from the researchers. As a result very less people received treatment for speech therapy in PD. Medical and surgical treatments for speech impairment in PD patients doesnt provide beneficial outcome. Results obtained from these approaches are variable. Future studies should be planned to reduce this variability. In current scenario, LSVT appears to be most successful therapy for speech impairment in PD patients. LSVT therapy is based on the processes involved in the speech. LSVT therapy is designed to act on these processes. As a result LSVT therapy is more beneficial as compared to the other therapies. Implementa tion of these processes in other therapies would be helpful in improving outcome of these studies. Plenty of opportunities are available for the improvement in theses studies. Moreover, ongoing and future directions of research for speech therapy have potential to understand mechanisms underlying speech impairment. This would be helpful in developing effective speech therapy for PD patients. 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